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Chronology of Azerbaijan History and neighboring regions:
(compiled by Zaur Rzakhanov)
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Turkic peoples: Huns, Kazars, Sabirs, Saragurs, Kuturgurs, Barsils,
Kok-Turks, Seljuk Turks.
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Chronological Table
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Sources:
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(1) L.Gumilev "Thousand Years Around Caspian" pp. 269 - 295
(2) L.Gumilev "Ancient Turks" pp. 433-458
(3) F.Mamedova. "Political History and Historical Geography of
Caucasian Albania", Baku "Elm" 1986
>From _Historical Geography of Azerbaijan_ volume, Baku,"Elm", 1987
(4) F.Mamedova. "O nekotorykh voprosakh istoricheskoi georgraphii
Kavkazkoi Albanii", pp. 7- 46
(5) M.H Sharifly "Feudal states of Azerbaijan in IX-XII centuries"
pp.88-93
(6) Z.Buniyatov "Ethnopolitical boundaries of Azerbaijan under
Ildenizids" pp.93-98
(7) V.Piriev "On historical geography of Azerbaijan in XIII-early
XV centuries"pp.98-110
(8) O.Efendiev "Territory and boundaries of Azerbaijani states
in XV-XVI centuries" pp.110-120
(9) A.Rakhmani "Azerbaijan: boundaries and administrative divisions
in the late XVI-XVII centuries"pp.120-129
(10)F.Aliev "Azerbaijan in XVIII century" pp.129-140
(11)I.Aliev "Nagorny Karabagh: History,Facts,Events", Baku,"Elm",1989
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200 B.C - 400 A.D Kabala is a capital of Caucasian Albania
131-140 A.D. Ancestors of Khazars settle in the lower regions of
rivers Terek and Sulak
191-200 A.D. "Hordes of Barsiles and Khazars crossed Kura,
but were defeated by Alans"(Source: Moisey
Kalankatly "History of Albans")
Benchmark event: 226 A.D. Sassanian dynasty established in Iran
(Non-Turkic)
381-390 A.D. Huns in Greece. Emperor Pheodosius invited Huns to
join his army.
391-400 A.D. Huns overrun Syria and Mesopothamia(Iraq).
Huns supress Gothish apraising in Byzantium.
400-600 A.D. Barda becomes capital of Caucasian Albania in VI
century A.D.
441-450 A.D. Reign of Attila
451-460 A.D. Huns invade Azerbaijan
461-470 A.D. Saragurs invade Azerbaijan
511-520 A.D. Sabirs attack Iran and Asia Minor(Anatolia)
551 A.D. Kuturgurs invade Byzantium
559 A.D. Second Kuturgur invasion of Byzantium
551-560 A.D. Sabirs and Khazars invade Azerbaijan,
but defeated by Sassanian Iran
589 A.D. Sassanian Iran defeats joint Byzantium-Khazar
-Georgian assault on Azerbaijan
Benchmark Event: 593 A.D. peace between East and West
Kok-Turks, restablishment of Great Khaganate,
(Kok-Turk Empire)
623 A.D. Byzantine Emperor Irakli invades Azerbaijan
626 A.D. Byzantine and Kok-Turk army surround Tbilisi
629 A.D. Army of Kok-Turk Empire and Khazars enter Azerbaijan
(Albania), defeating Persians. Azerbaijan is declared to
be "eternal possesion" of Turks. The capital of Albania - Kabala
renamed into Khazar. Albanian nobility and clergyman escape
from Barda to the Albanian stronghold - Mountaineous Karabagh.
[Source: "History of Albans" by Moisey Kalankatly]
The next year both withdraw from Azerbaijan
due to internal strife within Empire.
Benchmark event: 622 A.D. Muhammad's flight from Mekka to Medina
Beginning of Islamic Era.(Non-Turkic)
Around 640 A.D.: Sassanian Iran falls to Arabs.
645 A.D. Albanian prince Jevanshir's apprising against Persian rule
in Azerbaijan(Albania)
656 A.D. Formation of Khazar Khaganate
660 A.D. Albanian prince Jevanshir defeats Khazars in
Albania(Azerbaijan)
661 A.D. Arabs conquer Azerbaijan(Albania)
661-670 A.D. Arab-Khazar War in Azerbaijan.
683-684 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan
693 A.D. Derbent conquered by Arabs
711-720 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan, but defeated by Arabs
in 737 A.D.
731 A.D. Death of Kul-Tegin
762 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan and Transcaucasus.
764 A.D. Khazars take Tbilisi
791-800 A.D. Khazar raids in Transcaucasia. Clashes with Arabs.
Benchmark Event:(Europe) 800 A.D. Charlemagne crowned Emperor
of Franks
Benchmark event: 837 A.D. Babek defeated by Arabs
861-870 A.D. Turks take power in Bagdad (866 A.D.);
Rus' adopts Christianity.
941-950 A.D. Rus' army defeated in Azerbaijan
Early X century - fragmentation of Arab Caliphate, formation of
feudal states in Azerbaijan
879-957 A.D. - Sajid state in southern and northern Azerbaijan
- Shirvanshah state in Shirvan
- Albanian Khachen principality in Mountaineous
Karabagh(vassal of Sajid state)
941-981 A.D. Salarid state in south and north Azerbaijan and
its vassals(Shirvanshahs, Sanaria, Ravvadids)
971-990 A.D. Kurds control Ganja and parts of Azerbaijan
(Sheddadid state), wars with Shirvanshahs state.
983 - 1066 Nakhichevanshahs in Nakhichevan, Ravvadids in the
sourthern Azerbaijan untill 1117
1051-1060 Seljuk Turks enter Azerbaijan
1136 A.D - Creation of the Atabek state of Azerbaijan, under
Seljuk Shams ad-din Ildeniz(with capital in Barda),
conquest of territories of other Seljuk atabeks in Iraq
and Iran
1175 A.D. Death of Shams ad-din Ildeniz,his son Jahan Pehlevan
becomes his successor
"The lands of Azerbaijan's Atabek stretch from Tiflis to
Mekran. They rule Azerbaijan,Arran, Jibal, Hamadan,Gilan
Mazandaran, Isfahan and Rey"[Source: Ibn Al-Asir, Ibn-Al Haldun]
1175-1186 Further extension of Azerbaijan Atabek's state under
Jahan Pehlevan. He is a ruler of "Iraq, Azerbaijan
Arran, Jibal,Rey, Isfahan, Hamadan and other territories"
[Source: Sibt ibn al-Jauzi, Ibn Haldun]
Benchmark Event: 1223 Kalka river battle between Rus' army and Mongols, Rus'
army defeated
1225 A.D Mongol conquest of Azerbaijan. Collapse of Ildeniz Atabek state
of Azerbaijan.
1221-1227 Georgian feudals occupy Sheki and Kabala, but later those cities
are liberated and again become part of Shirvan
1239 A.D. Mongols take Derbent
1258-1410 Azerbaijan becomes a part of Hulaguid state(with Maraga, Tebriz
and Sultaniye being its capitals at different times)
1300's Azerbaijan invaded by Timur the Lame (Teimurlank, Tamerlane)
late
1300's South Azerbaijan and Karabagh controled by Timur's son- Miranshah
1410 A.D. Southern Azerbaijan becomes part of Kara-Goyunly state with capital
in Tabriz, under Kara-Yusuf. Shirvanshahs control Northern Azerbaijan
Kara-Goynly controls Southern Azerbaijan, Iraq, Fars and part of Eastern
Iran
1453 A.D. Ottoman Turks take Constantinopol
1468 A.D. Collapse of Kara-Goynly state under Jahanshah.
Formation of Ak-Goynly state with capital in Tabriz, under the
rule of Uzun Hasan. Its boundaries include Azerbaijan south
of Kura, Armenia, Iraq, Luristan, Fars, Kerman
1501 A.D. Creation of Azerbaijani Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (Khatai),
with capital in Tabriz. The Empire strethched from Syria and Eastern
Anatolia in the West to India and Afganistan in the East. From Derbent
in the North to Arabian Gulf in the south. It included entire Caucausus
except Western Georgia.
1524 A.D. Death of Shah Ismail I. His son Takhmasiba I takes over the Empire.
1528 A.D. Shirvanshah state collapses under Safavid pressure
1521 A.D. Sheki ruler Hasan-bek asks Safavid help to stop Georgian advances on
Sheki state
1551 A.D. Sheki feudal state collapses under Safavid pressure. Entire Azerbaijan
territory is under Safavid control. Azerbaijan is divided into following
principalities(beglerbeydoms): Shirvan, Karabagh(Ganja beglerbeydom),
Chukhur-Saad(Yerevan beglerbeydom), Tebriz beglerbeydom.
1576 A.D. Qajars (Ustajlu and Rumlu tribes) become beglerbeys of Karabagh and
Yerevan . Rule of Ziad-oglu family in Karabagh from that time untill
Russian conquest in early XIX century
1590-1639 Safavid-Ottoman wars for control over Azerbaijan. Parts of Northern
and Southern Azerbaijan, fall under the control of Ottoman Empire.
1720 A.D. Anti-Iranian apprising in Shirvan under sunni molla Haji-Davud.
Haji-Davud takes Shemakha with help of Dagestanis and asks Ottomans
for help. Peter I,tsar of Russia uses this as a reason to occupy
coastal regions of Azerbaijan.Russo-Ottoman struggle for the sphere
of influence.
1736-1828 Azerbaijani Qajars state in Iran and Azerbaijan, beginning with Nadir-Shah
1732-1735 Nadir Kuli-Khan succesfully combats Russians and Ottomans.
Rasht and Ganja treaties return Azerbaijan's coastline to
Azerbaijan Qajar state
1736 Reign of Nadir-Shah. Nadir Kuli-Khan Afshar crowned as Shah in Mugan
(Azerbaijan) during celebrations of Novruz bayram. The end of Safavid
dynasty.
1750-1813 Khanate period. Azerbaijan is divided and rule by khans in different
regions of the country. There were following khanates: Yerevan,Karabagh,
Nakhichevan, Ganja, Shemakha, Sheki, Baku, Guba, Derbent, Salian sultanate,
Javad khanate, Talysh. In the southern Azerbaijan: Tebriz, Urmiye, Ardebil
Khoi, Karadagh, Serab, Maraga and Maku khanates.
The Karabagh khanate also inluded Varand, Khachen, Gulistan, Dizak
and Jeraberd melikdoms, the remnants of Albanian nobility.
1755 Sheki khan Haji Chelebi conquers Kabala and Sheki sultanates, but defeated
in wars with other khanates.
1761 Urmiye khan Fathali-khan Afshar attempt to unify Azerbaijan fails. Kerim-khan
Zend and Karabagh's Penah Ali-khan defeat Fathali-khan Afshar
1758-1789 Fathali-khan of Guba unifies almost entire North Azerbaijan. With
his death the union collapses.
1795 Qajar Aga Mohammed khan's army attack Nakhichevan, Yerevan and Talysh khanates,
but fails to take Shusha.
1796 Russian army invades Azerbaijan, Aga Mohammed Khan withdraws to Iran.
In the same year Russian army leaves Azerbaijan when tsarine Catherine II
dies.
1797 Second invasion of Aga Mohammed khan and his successor Babakhan, fall of Shusha.
1797 New Russian Tsar Pavel I decides to send troops to Azerbaijan
1813,1828 Gulistan and Turkmanchay treaties. Split of Azerbaijan into two parts
Sothern and Northern along the Araz river. Establishment of Russian rule
in Azerbaijan.
1830 Abolition of khanates and creation of Armenian Oblast in place of Yerevan
khanate. Over a million Armenians brought to former Yerevan khanate and
Karabagh from Ottoman Empire and Iran by the mid XIX century.